- Reason for surveillance
- Case definition
- Notification criteria and procedure
- The disease
- Managing single notifications
- Managing special situations
- References
1. Reason for surveillance
- To monitor the epidemiology of the disease to inform prevention strategies
- To monitor the susceptibility of isolates to ensure continuing appropriate and effective management.
2. Case definition
A confirmed case requires laboratory definitive evidence.
Laboratory evidence
- Isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by nucleic acid testing
Clinical evidence
Not applicable
Epidemiological evidence
Not applicable.
Factors to be considered in case identification
Gonococcal susceptibility surveillance is essential because of emerging and changing antibiotic resistance. All isolates of gonococci should be sent to the Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Program (AGSP) reference laboratory for susceptibility testing. In NSW the reference laboratory is South Eastern Area Laboratory Service (SEALS).
Reinfection period
Diagnoses received 29 days or more after the calculated onset date will be considered re-infections and will be notified separately [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].
3. Notification criteria and procedure
Gonorrhoea is to be notified by laboratories (ideal reporting by routine mail).
Only confirmed cases should be entered onto NCIMS.
4. The disease
Infectious agent
The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Mode of transmission
Contact with exudate from mucous membranes of infected people, almost always as a result of sexual activity or during childbirth. Non-sexual transmission to infants and young children has been reported.
Timeline
The typical incubation period is 2 to 7 days, sometimes longer.
Gonorrhoea may be communicable from the time of infection for several months in untreated persons. Effective therapy ends communicability within a matter of hours. Inappropriate treatment can result in the patient remaining infectious. Asymptomatic persons are generally as infectious as those with symptoms. The attack rate among women exposed to infected men is generally higher than that of men exposed to infected women.
Clinical presentation
Infection may be asymptomatic (ano-rectal and pharyngeal is usually asymptomatic). The usual clinical presentation in males is a purulent urethral discharge with dysuria. In females it may be asymptomatic, or present as an abnormal vaginal discharge, abnormal menses, pelvic pain and dysuria.
5. Managing single notifications
Response times
Data entry
Within 5 working days of notification enter confirmed cases on NCIMS.
Response procedure
Cases under 16 years
- Where a case of gonorrhoea is reported in a child <16 years old, the PHU must send a letter to the doctor who requested the test to undertake an assessment of the risk of harm according to the mandatory reporting guidelines and obligations under the Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 and resources for clinical management (Therapeutic Guidelines: Antibiotic).
- Where a case of gonorrhoea is reported in a child aged 12 years or under, the PHU must also directly contact the doctor (eg by telephone) to ensure that mandatory reporting obligations have been addressed. If no contact can be made, the PHU should contact the Child Well Being Unit (1300 480 420) or make a direct report to the Department of Community Services.
- The PHU should make reasonable attempts to record in NCIMS the Indigenous status of all cases under 16 years, for example by checking the LHD patient management system and/or calling the diagnosing doctor.
- All actions should be documented in the NCIMS record.
Case management
Investigation and treatment
In general, the attending medical practitioner is responsible for treatment. The treatment will depend on whether the disease was acquired in Australia or overseas. Penicillins should not be used for routine treatment of gonorrhoea in NSW. Since late 1999, ceftriaxone has been recommended as the treatment of choice. Because of the changing patterns of sensitivity to antibiotics, specialist advice should be sought. Treatment effective against chlamydial infection should be considered in communities where co-infection is prevalent. See Therapeutic Guidelines: Antibiotic for details.
Education
In general, the case's doctor provides counselling, testing and treatment. The medical practitioner should provide information to the case about the nature of the infection and the mode of transmission.
Contact management
Identification of contacts
Sexual contacts of the patient while infectious (up to the preceding six months) are at risk of infection.
Investigation and treatment
The treating doctor is responsible for contact tracing. PHU's should work with Sexual Health Service staff to assist where requested by the doctor. Contacts require counselling, examination and testing, and empirical treatment. See Therapeutic Guidelines: Antibiotic for details.
6. Managing special situations
In some situations involving case clustering or changes in epidemiology, enhanced data about risks and exposures may be requested.
7. References
- Bachmann LH, Desmond RA, et al. Duration of persistence of gonococcal DNA detected by ligase chain reaction in men and women following recommended therapy for uncomplicated gonorrhea. J Clin Microbiology 2002;40(10):3596-601.
- Bowden FJ, Tabrizi SN, et al. Infectious diseases. 6: Sexually transmitted infections: new diagnostic approaches and treatments. Med J Aust 2002;176(11):551-7.
- Handsfield HH and Sparling PF. Chapter 209 Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In Mandell G, Bennett J and Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. 2005 Vol 2: 2514-2529.
- Mehta SD, Erbelding EJ, et al. Gonorrhoea reinfection in heterosexual STD clinic attendees: longitudinal analysis of risks for first reinfection. Sex Transm Infect 2003;79(2):124-8.
- Moodley P, Martin IM, et al. Typing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae reveals rapid reinfection in rural South Africa. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40(12):4567-70.